26^th World Congress on Human Health Metabolism-Cancer, Obesity, Diabetes November 27-28, 2019 Valencia, Spain

Obesity in a person is caused due to the excess body fat. obesity can increase a risk of number of diseases and health problems, including high blood pressure, diabetes and heart disease. Obesity is usually defined using a ratio of height to weight called body mass index (BMI), which calculates the amount of the fat present in the person's body.

Obesity occurs due to unhealthy diet, regularly eating and drinking of more calories than they use. Besides a person's eating behavior, number of factors results to obesity, which includes a lack of physical activity, a lack of sleep, genetics and the use of certain medications that can cause gain in the weight, such as corticosteroids, antidepressants or some seizure medications.

These health conditions also can lead to weight gain, including:

1. polycystic ovary syndrome - polycystic ovary syndrome can affect up to 10 percent of women of childbearing age and can also lead to excess body hair and reproductive problems.

2.Cushing's syndrome- Cushing's syndrome results from an overproduction of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands and is characterized by weight gain in the upper body, face and neck.

3.Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare genetic condition in which people never feel full, and so they want to eat constantly.

A good dietitian can help to achieve a healthy weight and adopt healthier eating habits. Dietary changes for a short period of time is not the best way to keep weight off permanently. 5 to 10 percent decrease in the body weight include improvements in blood pressure, cholesterol levels and blood sugars. Make small changes to your eating habits, reduce the number of calories containing food. Regular physical activity (60 to 90 minutes) is very important.

Obesity throughout childhood can destructively affect the body in numerous ways. Youngsters who have obesity will perhaps have a High blood pressure and elevated cholesterol, which are chance elements for cardiovascular disease (CVD). A prolonged danger of disabled glucose tolerance, insulin confrontation, and type 2 diabetes Breathing issues, for example, asthma and sleep apnea. Joint issues and musculoskeletal discomfort.

Throughout the past 20 years, obesity among grown-ups has risen through and through in the United States. The modern Health Statistics states that 33% of population 20 years of age and more settled more than 100 million people are strong. This growth isn't confined to adults but instead, has in like manner affected adolescents. Among youth, 18 percent of children advanced 6-11 years and 21 percent of adolescents developed 12– 19 years are obese. These rates of obesity have critical consequences for Americans' prosperity. But one of the national wealth objectives for the year 2020 is to lessen the regularity of obesity among adults by 10 %, current data shows that the situation isn't advancing. Hopkins GIM workers are looking at overweight the full amount of its trademark history and challenges, and likewise endeavoring to fight the torment by investigating different techniques and interference.

Bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) includes a variety of procedures performed on people who have obesity. Weight loss is achieved by reducing the size of the stomach with a gastric band or through removal of a portion of the stomach (sleeve gastrectomy or biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch) or by resecting and re-routing the small intestine to a small stomach pouch (gastric bypass surgery).

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that occurs due to the increase in high blood sugar level for a long period of time. Insulin is a hormone which is secreted from pancreases and helps to dissolve glucose into the cells to be used for energy. But due to the metabolic disorder our body doesn’t make enough or any insulin. Glucose stays in our blood and doesn’t reach our cells. The increase in the glucose level in our body starts creating health problems.

Types of Diabetes

There are different types of Diabetes, but the most common types of diabetes are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.

Type 1 – In type 1 diabetes, body doesn’t make insulin. Immune system destroys the cells which makes insulin in pancreas. People those who are diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes need to take insulin daily to stay healthy. Type 1 Diabetes may appear at any age, most commonly these are diagnosed in children and young adults.

Type 2 – Type 2 is common type of diabetes. In this type of diabetes, body doesn’t make insulin properly. Type 2 diabetes may appear at any age, even at childhood but most often middle-aged and older people are diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes –

Gestational diabetes may occur in women during pregnancy. In most of the cases Gestational diabetes goes after the baby is born but it increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.

Diet and Exercise

Dietary information or Nutritional advice are very important to maintain or improve health through the use of appropriate and healthy food choices.

1. Eat three meals a day.
2. Each meal should include starchy carbohydrate foods - eg, bread, pasta, chapatis, potatoes, yam, noodles, rice and cereals.
3. Reduce the fat in the diet, especially saturated fats. By the use of unsaturated fats or oils, especially mono-unsaturated fats - eg, olive oil and rapeseed oil fat in the diet can be reduced.
4. Increase the amount of fruit and vegetables in your day to day diet. Divide it into at least five portions a day.
5. Eat more beans and lentils - eg, kidney beans, butter beans, chickpeas or red and green lentils.
6. Eat at least two portions of oily fish a week - eg, mackerel, sardines, salmon and pilchards. Limit sugar and sugary foods.
7. Reduce the amount of salt in the diet to 6 g or less per day.
8. Avoid drinking of alcohol or minimize the quantity of consumption.
9. Don't use the foods or drinks which causes diabetes.

physical activity - First, arrange your exercise into smaller sessions and spread throughout the day.30 minutes of moderate physical activity in a day is mandatory to stay healthy. Walk daily for at least 20 minutes. Ride your bike. Swim laps.

Focus on permanent changes to your eating and exercise habits to keep your weight in a healthy range,

Medication is also a good option. Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, others) may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes — but healthy lifestyle choices remain essential. Get your blood sugar checked at least once a year to check that you haven't developed type 2 diabetes.

Obesity increases the risk of the development of hypertension. Obesity-associated arterial hypertension is characterized by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, reaction of the renin-angiotensin system, and sodium retention, among other abnormalities.

Obesity is characterized with increased blood flow, vasodilatation, cardiac output, and hypertension. Although cardiac index does not increase, cardiac output and glomerular filtration rate do. However, renal sodium retention also increases, leading to the cause of hypertension.

The risk factors of hypertension are age, smoking, diet, alcohol, cholesterol level, diabetes, ethnicity, family history, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, medication, recreation drugs. Regular physical activity decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease including high blood pressure, diabetes, breast and colon cancer, and depression. The prevention of hypertension is possible based on correct lifestyle and nutrition, starting from childhood age. The mediation that are used to treat high blood pressure are Thiazide diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, alpha-beta blockers, beta blockers, aldosterone antagonists, renin inhibitors,  vasodilators, central-acting agents.

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells which causes due to cellular changes is known as cancer. Cancer is a broad term. Some types of cancer cause cells to grow and divide at a slower rate while other cause rapid cell growth. Certain forms of cancer result in visible growths called tumors, while others, such as leukemia, do not. Once the cell dies body can replace it with a newer cell that functions better. Cancerous cells can form tumors and cells lack the components that instruct them to stop dividing and to die. By using oxygen and nutrients they build up in the body that would usually nourish other cells. Cancerous cells start from one area, then spread via the lymph nodes. These are mass of immune cells located every part of the body.

Types

The most common type of cancer is breast cancer, followed by lung and prostate cancers, according to the National Cancer Institute. Each year, more than 30,000 to 40,000 people in the country receive a diagnosis of one of the following types of cancer: Bladder, Colon and rectal, Pancreatic, Kidney, Leukemia, Liver.

Doctors classify cancer by its location in the body and the tissues that it forms in. There is a minute difference between sarcomas mainly develop in bones or soft tissues, while carcinomas form in cells that cover internal or external surfaces in the body. Adenocarcinomas form in the breast whereas Basal cell carcinomas develop in the skin. Metastasis is when the cancerous cells spread to other parts of the body. At a time, a person can also suffer from more than one type of cancer.

Treatments

Development of new medications and treatment technologies are coming to the market due to innovative research. Doctors usually prescribe treatments based on the type of cancer, its stage at diagnosis, and the person's overall health.

1. Chemotherapy aims to kill cancerous cells with medications that target rapidly dividing cells. The Drugs can be used to shrink tumors, but they can cause severe side effects.
2. Immunotherapy uses medications and other treatments to boost the immune system and encourage it to fight cancerous cells.
3. Radiation therapy uses high-dose radiation to kill cancerous cells. Sometimes radiation is also suggested by doctor which is used to shrink a tumor before surgery or reduce tumor-related symptoms.
4. Stem cell transplant can be especially beneficial for people with blood-related cancers, such as leukemia or lymphoma. Red or white blood cells are removed, that chemotherapy or radiation has destroyed. The cells are then kept back into the body by lab technicians.
5. Surgery is often a part of a treatment plan when a person has a cancerous tumor. A lymph node can also be removed by a surgeon to reduce or prevent the disease's spread.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction. Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis.

The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease. Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption, among others. High blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco results in 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%. 

It is the branch of medicine handling the organization of supervision to women, predominantly the analysis and treatment of disorders affecting the female reproductive organs.it manages the investigation of diseases of the female reproductive organs, including the breasts. It is a branch of treatment that contracts with the birth of kids and with the care of women before, during, after, they bring forth kids.

Obesity is linked with a few endocrine illnesses, including basic ones, for example, hypothyroidism and polycystic ovarian syndrome to rare ones for example, Cushing's syndrome, central hypothyroidism, and hypothalamic disorders. The mechanisms for the upgrading of weight shift in as per the endocrine condition. Hypothyroidism is related with combination of hyaluronic acid inside different tissues, extra liquid preservation because of decreased cardiovascular yield and reduces thermogenesis. The net abundance of androgen gives off an imprint of being urgent in the progression of central obesity. In Cushing's syndrome, an association with thyroid and development hormones plays a significant part to an increased adipocyte separation and adipogenesis. This audit additionally depicts staying rare cases: hypothalamic obesity because of central hypothyroidism and combined hormone deficiencies.

Muscle cell needs a lot of energy, which means they burn a lot of calories. In fact, they burn more calories than fat cells, even when you're not exercising. So the time you spend working out reaps benefits long after you stop sweating. Exercise becomes even more important as you get older. You naturally lose muscle mass with age, which slows down your metabolism. Working out can stop that slide.

Healthy eating is one of the best things you can do to prevent and control health problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer. Weight management is a long-term approach to a healthy lifestyle. It includes a balance of healthy eating and physical exercise to equate energy expenditure and energy intake. Developing healthy eating habits while using tips that will keep us fuller longer can be useful tools in weight management. Knowing what your body needs is important to weight management and can control over consumption and under consumption of food. Weight management does not include fad diets that promote quick, temporary weight loss. It focuses on the long-term results that are achieved through slow weight loss, followed by retention of an ideal body weight for age, sex and height.

Hormones helps to regulate the metabolism. Some of the most common hormonal disorders are concerned with the thyroid. To regulate many metabolic processes thyroid secretes hormones, including energy expenditure (the rate at which kilojoules are burned).

Thyroid disorders include:

Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) - Due to the slow release of hormone by thyroid gland metabolism slows down. Symptoms of hypothyroidism includes uncontrol weight gain, lethargy, depression and constipation

Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) – Due to the release of larger quantity of hormone by thyroid gland metabolism speeds up. Symptoms of hyperthyroidism results in the cause of less appetite, weight loss, nervousness and diarrhea.

Genes are the blueprints for the proteins and proteins are responsible for the digestion and metabolism of our food. Sometimes, a faulty gene resulting in a metabolic disorder. By keeping close attention to diet and by taking medical supervision, genetic metabolic disorders can be managed.

Some genetic disorders of metabolism include:

Fructose intolerance -  Is the inability to break down fructose.

Galactosaemia – Galactosaemia is the inability to convert the carbohydrate galactose into glucose.

phenylketonuria (PKU) – phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused due to the inability to convert the amino acid phenylalanine into tyrosine. The increase in the levels of phenylalanine in the blood can cause brain damage. The foods containing High-protein artificial sweetener aspartame must be avoided.

Metabolic responses and Nutrition focuses on the integration of nutrition, exercise physiology, clinical investigations, and molecular and cellular biochemistry of metabolism. The areas of interest of Nutrition & Metabolism encompass studies in obesity, diabetes, lipidemias, metabolic syndrome and exercise physiology that have an underlying basis in metabolism.  In persons with type 2 diabetes, protein ingestion results in little or no increase in plasma glucose concentrations but a stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion. The nutritional requirements of a neonate are significantly greater than those of an adult because not only are there requirements for substrate intake to fulfill basic metabolic needs, but there are metabolic needs to maintain rapid and continued growth and development.

Clinical study aims directly improve global health outcomes and share clinical knowledge using case reports to convey important best practice messages. If case study is done then the advanced medical technologies like Transplantation, holistic treatment can be used more rapidly in hospitals and with the more study in Glycemic index and load  we can find the diseases or problem like Cortisol . Clinical case study done in medical diabetes could leads to find innovative way for treating the diabetes.

Clinical study aims directly improve global health outcomes and share clinical knowledge using case reports to convey important best practice messages. If case study is done then the advanced medical technologies like Transplantation, holistic treatment can be used more rapidly in hospitals and with the more study in Glycemic index and load  we can find the diseases or problem like Cortisol . Clinical case study done in medical diabetes could leads to find innovative way for treating the diabetes.

The common diseases associated with modern civilization for example - cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, depression, anxiety, chronic respiratory disease, liver disease occurs mainly due to lack of physical activity, un-natural diet, tobacco smoking, air pollution, social isolation, use of alcohol and other drugs.  Sometimes medicine often defines diseases in accordance with the organ system affected. Our modern way of leading life is affecting multiple organ systems. Every organ is affected in case of diabetes.